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List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world
A number of inventions were made in the medieval Islamic world, a geopolitical region that has at various times extended from Spain and Africa in the west to Afghanistan and the Indian subcontinent in the east.〔Bernard Lewis, ''What Went Wrong'': 〕 The inventions listed here were developed during the medieval Islamic world, which covers a period from the early Caliphate to the later Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal empires. In particular, the majority of inventions here date back to the Islamic Golden Age, which is traditionally dated from the 8th to the 13th centuries.〔p. 45, ''Islamic & European expansion: the forging of a global order'', Michael Adas, ed., Temple University Press, 1993, ISBN 1-56639-068-0.〕〔''Max Weber & Islam'', Toby E. Huff and Wolfgang Schluchter, eds., Transaction Publishers, 1999, ISBN 1-56000-400-2, p. 53〕 During this period, artists, engineers, scholars, poets, philosophers, geographers and traders in the Islamic world contributed to agriculture, the arts, economics, industry, islamic law, literature, navigation, philosophy, sciences, sociology, and technology, both by preserving earlier Greco-Roman philosophy, inventions and discoveries, then by adding inventions and innovations of their own.〔http://islamichistoryonline.com/islamic-golden-age/〕
==Food production==
*Bridge mill: The bridge mill was a unique type of watermill that was built as part of the superstructure of a bridge. The earliest record of a bridge mill is from Córdoba, Spain in the 12th century.
*Vertical-axle windmill: A small wind wheel operating an organ is described as early as the 1st century AD by Hero of Alexandria.〔Dietrich Lohrmann, "Von der östlichen zur westlichen Windmühle", ''Archiv für Kulturgeschichte'', Vol. 77, Issue 1 (1995), pp.1-30 (10f.)〕 The first vertical-axle windmills were eventually built in Sistan, Persia as described by Muslim geographers. These windmills had long vertical driveshafts with rectangle shaped blades.〔Ahmad Y Hassan, Donald Routledge Hill (1986). ''Islamic Technology: An illustrated history'', p. 54. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-42239-6.〕 They may have been constructed as early as the time of the second Rashidun caliph Umar (634-644 AD), though some argue that this account may have been a 10th-century amendment.〔Dietrich Lohrmann (1995). "Von der östlichen zur westlichen Windmühle", ''Archiv für Kulturgeschichte'' 77 (1), p. 1-30 (8).〕 Made of six to twelve sails covered in reed matting or cloth material, these windmills were used to grind corn and draw up water, and used in the gristmilling and sugarcane industries.〔Donald Routledge Hill, "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East", ''Scientific American'', May 1991, pp. 64-9 (cf. Donald Routledge Hill, (Mechanical Engineering ))〕 Horizontal axle windmills of the type generally used today, however, were developed in Northwestern Europe in the 1180s.〔〔
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